BioResources FSB Project - BLOG
SUMMARY OF 2012-13 SEASON
19 July 2013
Left: Bug egg showing dark spot where Anastatus has pierced the egg shell with its ovipositor.
This is a summary of comments made by growers mentioned in recent blogs.
Peter Harper
Peter and Teresa near Bauple have an incredible range of fruit trees inside three shade houses covered in fruit fly exclusion netting. Some of the trees are over 15 years old (I think) and they put the netting up about 3-4 years ago in an effort to solve a few issues. However, it created some more. It locked the bugs in so that they ended up with a huge bug problem with Peter typically spotting dozens of bugs every time he went into the orchard - mainly A. lutescens or banana spotting bug - and hardly picked any damage free fruit. He is an organic grower and didn’t even want to use pyrethrum as he thought it would only give very temporary relief...
They started releasing small amounts of Anastatus last year. And in my discussions with Peter over the phone it was clear that this would be an interesting site to watch and Peter was a great observer. So even though this is an uncommon situation we brought him into the case study program and increased the Anastatus release rate at the start of December 2012.
When I visited in March 2014, we only found 5 bugs after looking for about 2 hours. This was a dramatic decline from the “normal” levels in there. Numbers have remained very low and difficult to find since March and he has picked heaps of clean fruit in that time. See the interview here.
Henri Bader has a macadamia farm at Knockrow near Ballina: Henri summed it up:
"We have a long thin farm and where we are releasing the wasps is on the western end and its been high bug damage area for ever. Its surrounded by forest trees. The harvest data is showing we have much less damage than last year and now its down to about the level of the rest of the farm.
The wasps release end of the farm had one spot spray and a full spray while the east end had one spot spray and 2 full sprays. So, I'm really delighted with the result”.
Ian Hotson said "The harvest data shows that the Anastatus release area has lower damage levels than last year while the untreated, more distant area has 2 to 3 times more damage than the release area and it received 3 sprays for bugs while the wasp area had 2 sprays. So its looking very promising. It would be great if we could do the same or even better next year".
David Brine at Summerland House with No Steps, has a newly rejuvenated avocado block right next to a patch of rainforest and has had “ less damage than expected, especially considering the crop load is low”.
Rick Paine, a macadamia grower near Alstonville said he “had lower than expected damage, in fact almost zero, probably the lowest insect damage I have ever had”. His house area and garden, with lots of bug hosts, is in the middle of his plantation.
Bonnie Walker, an avocado grower near Alstonville, said 2 months ago “We have just started harvesting and at this stage its definitely no worse than last year, and this year I decided not to spray any insecticides. Last year we did 4 spot sprays. Malcombe my farm assistant says there is a lot less bugs this year”.
And just updated: “The bug damage around the area where we have been putting out the wasps is lower than last year and we didn’t spray at all this year”.
Patti & Phil Stacey, grow custard apples and have had “less bug damage than expected, and only had to do one partial spray”. They are right next to a big patch of rainforest.
Cameron Wallace at Bauple writes:
“You can add our experience so far this year to your collection of anecdotal evidence. Over the last two seasons (2011 & 2012) the FSB damage in our orchard has been enormous. In 2011 we had an average of 3.8% reject attributed to FSB. In 2012 it was 2.5%. To date this year we only have factory results for one small consignment, but the FSB damage was 1.3%. This is encouraging. In each of those seasons we sprayed only twice with Bulldock. For the current season the second spray was done later than in the previous two seasons. Otherwise nothing has changed apart from Anastatus releases.”
and following up a few weeks later:
“...after three consignments our insect damage (all attributed to FSB) is running at 0.6%, so a really big improvement over the previous two years.”
Mark Fleming manages a macadamia farm for Dr Austin Curtin at Tregeagle NSW and called up with some feedback:
"We’ve made regular releases of Anastatus over the last year and I believe it has greatly reduced damage caused by FSB. We spend a lot less time on sorting and this has saved us money as well."
Hinkler Park Macadamias have a block right next to houses and a caravan park. The block is not sprayed and typically has a moderate to high level of bug damage. Hinkler’s crop manager Clayton Mattiazzi said:
“This year the damage was not much different to last year, maybe a little down. We have been releasing Anastatus around the house orchards and an abandoned mango orchard next to the block. Our hope is there will be less overwintering bugs than usual and that there will be less damage next season. We are really supportive of the biological approach, its worked so well with MacTrix".
Russ Hopper a macadamia grower in the Bundaberg area, has had much less damage than last year. Like a lot of farms in Bundaberg area, the main sources of bugs on his farm seems to be fruit trees in house garden mixed orchard. In some areas the bush does not seem to be a source of bugs while in other areas it does.
Bob Maier consults to Dymocks at Nambucca Heads and they have a high bug damage block and as there are houses very close by they decided not to spray this block at all this year. He said that the damage has been much lower in the release area, more like the other part of the farm and he had expected it to be “hammered”.
Send comments and bug observations to:
Richard Llewellyn
richard@bioresources.com.au
Above: Parasitised bug eggs found on murraya inside a macadamia plantation at Bundaberg in mid June. So Anastatus adults are active in cooler weather.
So where to from here?
About a year ago I thought it would take at least a year before we would get any idea if Anastatus was able to make a useful contribution to bug numbers. In that time we have focussed on getting good numbers of wasps out onto lots of different farms using a “best bet” approach in order to see what happens as there is no other way to test it out.
We have had promising results at a good number of sites and we may also get season to season impact as overwintering bugs are likely to be reduced if there has been good Anastatus activity in late Autumn. We need to give it another two seasons before we can be really sure about whats going on.
Still with these good results under our belt we will move onto further developing the mass rearing and field release systems. We want to improve the consistency of parasitism rates on cards and maybe even despatch adult wasps during the cooler months. The development of the wasps inside the eggs is very slow when the temperature is below 20 deg C while the adults are okay at this temperature and in the sun it may be 5+ degrees higher. But this will take some time to figure out.
We also want to try and get a better handle on identifying the type of site where Anastatus will work best. The required release rates will vary and some sites may need more time than others. We need to consider size and position of bug breeding area/s in relation to the size of the crop.
There is a wide spectrum of situations. From a
small bug breeding area within a large crop up to a
large bug breeding area surrounding a small crop.
In the former, once bug numbers are reduced it is likely that the bugs will be slower to recolonise that area while in the later bug breeding area the bugs may be continually moving in. We don't know what the dynamic will be in such a case.
At some sites its likely that the adult bugs seen in the crop are a spill over from the forest while most of the bugs remain in the forest. A reduction in bugs numbers on the periphery of the forest could result in a disproportionally large reduction of bugs in the crop.
Anastatus behaviour
There are also lots of questions we have about the biology and behaviour of Anastatus wasps as well as FSB.
The good results so far indicate that the Anastatus have moved off into areas around the crops where bugs are breeding and laying eggs. To investigate how they do this we can study the scent preferences of Anastatus using an olfactometer.
Alana Danne at UQ has started this work. Various sources of scent (bugs, eggs, honey, damaged fruit etc) are placed in various combinations in the branches of the Y-tube while a constant flow of filtered air is sucked through the tubes. Wasps are released into the tube and their movement towards one or other scent is measured. This way its possible to get an indication of which combinations of scents most attract the parasitoids.

Anastatus is a very important parasitoid in China and a lot more research has been done on their local species. One study describes how the antennae of the wasps are finely tuned to detecting various types of cues and is asymmetrical to aid in determining direction and orientation. The various functions of different parts of the antenna enable the wasps to gradually find the host habitat, then the host plant, and finally search locally for the host. The interaction of right and left antennae enhances the searching ability as well as being vigilant for predators.
Asymmetrical Distribution of Antennal Sensilla in the Female Anastatus japonicus ZHAO JUN MENG et al. 2012